Using genome sequencing technologies, we can track crop domestication and breeding history, and thereby better understand how human selection shaped crop genomes, as shown in tomato, cotton, rice, maize, soybean, peach, melon, watermelon, and pineapple. Subsequently, along with human migration, directional selection, and further trait improvement to meet human demands, cultivated crops acquired region-specific differences in traits. Throughout the history of crop domestication, numerous wild species were domesticated into cultivated crops by artificial selection. Currently, the effect of variation in heterozygosity on agronomic traits is still less known. However, many crops are highly heterozygous due to outcrossing or clonal propagation, such as cassava, rubber tree, and mango. Associations between genotypes and phenotypes in populations have revealed homozygous allelic variations that are significantly associated with key agronomic traits in many crops, including rice, maize, tomato, and cotton, thereby accelerating the breeding process. The development and application of genomic technologies offer powerful tools for precise selection and directional breeding. The capacity and efficiency of plant breeding contribute greatly to global food production and human life. It also offers valuable resources for the improvement of cassava and other highly heterozygous crops. This study provides insights into allelic variation in heterozygosity associated with key agronomic traits and cassava domestication.
The allelic combinations in MeTIR1 and MeAHL17 may result in high starch content and resistance to CBB. We have verified the positive roles of MeTIR1 in increasing starch content and MeAHL17 in resistance to CBB by transient overexpression and silencing analysis. Selection of homozygous AA allele in MeAHL17 is associated with increased storage root weight and cassava bacterial blight (CBB) susceptibility. Selection for homozygous GG allele in MeTIR1 during domestication contributes to increased starch content. Artificial selection for decreased heterozygosity has contributed to the domestication of the large starchy storage root of cassava. We detect 81 selective sweeps with decreasing heterozygosity and nucleotide diversity, harboring 548 genes, which are enriched in multiple biological processes including growth, development, hormone metabolisms and responses, and immune-related processes. Eighteen allelic variations in heterozygosity for nine candidate genes are significantly associated with seven key agronomic traits. We identify 52 loci for 23 agronomic traits through a genome-wide association study.
We describe a genomic variation map from 388 resequenced genomes of cassava cultivars and wild accessions. Cassava is a staple crop in Africa and other tropical regions and has a highly heterozygous genome. However, the variation in heterozygosity underlying key agronomic traits and crop domestication remains largely unknown.
Also, the zip may be picked up as a virus by your AV, so you may need to make an exception.Heterozygous genomes are widespread in outcrossing and clonally propagated crops. Your web browser may complain about something along the lines of "This type of file is not usually downloaded" if you're using Firefox just hit Open.
Click "Custom" on the right, and make sure "Resolution Mode" is set to Full Screen. So once you're in the games launcher, click "Settings" and pick the graphics quality settings you want on the left. Copy D3D9.dll and paste it in the games root folder. The 圆4 version will not work) in the zip. Once it's done, navigate to MS>x86 (make sure to copy the x86 version.
I also set it to run as administrator, but I don't actually know if this is necessary.Īnd download "dgVoodoo v2.62.1".
First, make sure to run the game in compatibility mode for Windows XP Service Pack 3.
At some point, a windows update caused this particular dll to no longer work (at least for RL, no idea about the other games).